Hellenistic

Epicurianism
simple life を提唱していた人達
gods exist / gods are vocal and anthropomorphic (look like humans). they dont care about humans and humans' prayer. (これならなぜ神様がいるにもかかわらず世の中に悪はあるのか、ということが説明できる。神様は悪を取り除く能力はあるのに、別に取り除きたいとも思わないから。）
death is nothing to us
good and bad consist of sense-perception, but sense-perception is not sufficient to judge what is good. intellect and reason are necessary.
PLEASURE is the starting point and goal of living blessedly = our first innate good / judge every good by the "criterion of feeling"
Every pleasure is GOOD & congenial to us, but not every pleasure is to be chosen.
PLEASURE = lack of pain in the body and disturbance in the soul / PAIN = greatest bad
SELF SUFFICIENCY = greatest good
PRUDENCE = greatest good
No intermidiate state between pleasure and pain, it (absence of pain) is actually the greatest pleasure.
pleasure and pain of BODY precede ones of MIND, but pleasures and pain of MIND is greater than ones of BODY. because body perceives only present while mind perceives past and future, too.
3 KINDS of DESIRES 1. natural and necessary (easy to get, hard to live without) 2. natural and not necessary (easy to get by without) 3. neither natural nor necessary (hard to acquire and cause pain)
FRIENDSHIP is important = most pleasing thing.
Good is not necessarily honorable.
FREE WILL はある。because not everything is caused. atoms swerve without cause. (Carneades had another reason: mind moves voluntarily without external cause, so we have free will)
Stoics - detached
SELF LOVE - every animal is inclined to "preserve itself"
NATURAL should be taken for its own sake / UNNATURAL should be rejected. NATURE is rational. (logos)
PLEASURE is NOT a primary natural thing.(epicureans と反対の立場)
GOOD = worth choosing, pleasing, to be loved, to be approved of, praiseworthy and HONORABLE (これもepicureans と反対の立場. only honorable is good.) BAD = shameful
men are naturally social animals / we put common advantage ahead of individuals, because gods reside in this cosmos, too. - this is why we must obey laws. (Plato に似てる）
私達はsoulの存在がわかる。soulの場所やnatureは知らなくても。Nature is more easy to understand than to explain.
Animals are equal / but GOOD is not found in infants or animals that lack reason (矛盾してない？？）
4 kinds of natures : plants, animals, human (mortal), gods (immortal)
fullest development (of reason?) is the greatest good. virtue is the only thing that is in our power. 自分の健康とか見かけとかは自分でコントロールできるものでは無いから無視したほうがいい。コントロールできる唯一のものは、virtue。
Scepticism
3 kinds of philosophers 1. Dogmatists (they say they know the truth) 2. Academics (say they cannot know the truth) 3. Sceptics (say they continue investigating the truth)
For every argument, another argument of equal is opposed. - then, we should suspend judgement - suspension of judgements lead to freedom from disturbance and happiness.
Sceptics say neither yes nor no to the questions such as "is there a criterion of truth?" a criterion of truth needs another criterion of truth to be established, - circular reasoning.
"I determine nothing" - they do not determine this sentence either. it merely describes their mind state.
"All things appear to me to be undetermined and ungraspable."
no account is more trustworthy than others.
TEN MODES 1. the variations among animals 2. differences among men 3. different conditions of the sense organs 4.circumstances 5. positions, distances, places 6. mixtures 7. qualities, structures of external objects 8. relativity 9. constant or rare occurences 10. practices, laws, belief in myths and dogmatic suppositions
3 general modes 1. who judges 2. what object is judged 3. both 1 & 2
animals have faculty of reason,too. (both internal and verbalized. )
"nothing is by nature good, bad, or indifferent" indifferent ですら無いのかあー驚いたよ。
they doubt the existence of soul too.
最初はEpistemologyだったのにEthicsになったらOntologyのようだ。でも人間が認識できる範囲内のことを言っているだけで、人間の理解を越えたgoodとかはあるかもしれないと思っているのかも。